Objective: Acetaminophen is an over-the-counter drug in Iran. Intentional and accidental POISONING with this drug is one of the most frequent causes of admission to our center. We studied the outcome of POISONING with this drug in our hospital.Methods: Over a two-year period from January 2005 to January 2007, 85 patients who were admitted to Sina Hospital for acute acetaminophen POISONING, were followed up. Identification and outcome of patients were according to a physical examination, medical history, lab data and duration of hospital stay.Results: Acute acetaminophen POISONING occurred in both genders and all age groups. Approximately 64 percent of patients were female. Children had minimal involvement and were usually accidental POISONING type (98%). In adults, admissions were more likely to be due to suicide attempts rather than accidental POISONING. The majority of cases were in hepatotoxic dose, but clinical courses were mild. Patients, who had acutely ingested more than 150 mg/kg or predicted to be hepatotoxic due to impaired liver function testes, had a longer hospital stay but in spite of this, we did not have any mortality.Conclusion: Overdose with acetaminophen in adults was often indications of suicidal behavior, and in children was usually of accidental type. The outcome was generally good in spite of common acetaminophen POISONING.

Objective: SELF POISONING is one of the most common forms of suicides and a frequent cause of hospitalization in Accidents and Emergency Departments, especially in the younger age groups.This research was prompted by the current lack of reliable and adequate information on the epidemiology of suicide, and its main objective was to provide a basis for effective interventions in the future. The present article is the second section of a two-part paper on the epidemiology of SELF-POISONING in Iran.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz and Kermanshah (5 major Provinces of Iran). This article deals with results from data analysis and comparisons between cases of suicide and accidental SELF-POISONING.Results: In all, 723 cases were studied. Among those who had committed suicide, the frequency of severe physical illness was greater in women compared to men (P<0.002). The mean age of the subjects who expressed regret after the suicidal gesture was significantly lower than those who did not (P<0.003). Moreover, subjects who had a real intention to kill themselves were significantly older than those who did not have such an intention (P<0.01). Results from logistic regression analysis showed that higher age, male gender, and residing in Tehran were associated with a higher probability of deliberate SELF-POISONING (P<0.001 for all the three variables). In addition, having a definite plan for suicide and previous history of a suicidal attempt were significantly related to having real intention to die (Odds ratios 2.52 and 1.87, respectively) Conclusion:  Most hospitalizations in POISONING wards (>74%) involve suicidal SELF-POISONING. Measures must be taken at all three levels of prevention with special attention to the epidemiology of the problem in different regions.

Objective: SELF POISONING is one of the most common forms of suicide- especially in adolescents- and constitutes a major reason for hospitalization and referral to emergency wards. The high frequency of repeated attempts together with the shortage of reliable epidemiologic data makes it difficult to plan effective preventive measures. The present article is the first section of a two-part paper on the epidemiology of SELF-POISONING in Iran Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz and Kermanshah (5 major provinces of Iran). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed in a descriptive fashion. Results: In all, 723 cases were studied. There were 550 cases (%71) of SELF POISONING with suicidal intent. The mean age of those who had attempted suicide was (25.42 ± 10.26) years; sixty percent (n=330) were female and the remaining 40% (n=220) were male. Eighty percent of attempted suicides involved the use of drugs; other suicide modalities included poisons, psychotropic substances and other chemicals. Thirty-one percent of the cases reported previous suicidal gestures. The mean number of past suicidal attempts was 2.08 (SD = 2.28).Conclusion: The findings show that the frequency of attempted suicide is relatively high. To deal with the current situation, issues of mental heath have to be addressed more attentively and hospital emergency wards must be provided with adequate equipment and trained manpower (psychologists, psychiatrists, toxicologists, etc).

Background: The most common suicide attempt (SA) is deliberate SELF-POISONING (DSP) in Iran. Although the proportion of fatal suicide by DSP is much lower compared to other methods, repeated suicide attempts (RSA) are very high.Objectives: This study aimed at determining the effective factors on RSA among patients referred due to DSP in west of Iran.Methods: All cases attempting DSP, whowere referred to the onlymainPOISONING treatment centre in the west of Iran, were assessed during year 2014. They were interviewed by psychologists in order to determine the number of SAs for each person individually, using data linkage. Data was analyzed by zero-truncated poisson regression.Results: During year 2014, of 1790 cases committed with DSP, 64 (3.5%) died because of the severity of POISONING. Among non-fatal DSP attempters, 1069 (61.94%) attempted suicide for the first time and 334 (19.34%) for the second time. In the multivariate model, age was an important predictor of RSA, so that the risk of RSA in 26 to 35 year-old age group was lower than in the 18-year-old age group (IRR 0.3, 95 % CI, 0.2 to 0.4 P=0.001). Also, SA history was the first risk factor for RSA, so that individuals with SA history had higher RSA than individuals without SA history (IRR 3.1, 95 % CI, 2.8 to 3.3, P=0.001). After SA history, psychological disorders were the most important risk factor for RSA (IRR 2.7, 95 % CI, 2.1 to 3.6, P=0.001).Conclusions: Psychological disorders and SA history are the most important factors on RSA. Because of the high prevalence of psychological disorders in SA individuals than the normal population, it is necessary to present psychological and surveillance consultation to suicide attempters to decrease the number of SAs.

Background: Suicide is a global public health problem. Deliberate SELF-POISONING (DSP) is one of the most common methods of suicide in many countries. This study was designed to identify the trends and characteristics of DSP in Gorgan.Methods: The study was carried out retrospectively in 5 Azar Hospital. It included 549 patients who were hospitalized in the hospital due to DSP from March 2008 to March 2015. Data were obtained from medical records. Stata software and Pearson's chi-squared test were used for data analysis.Results: Of 549 patients, 51% were females and 50.27% were aged 20–29 years. The majority of patients (76.68%) lived in urban areas. POISONING occurred mostly in summer and the peak was observed in August. Most of the POISONING agents were pharmaceuticals (80.51%). Among the pharmaceuticals, benzodiazepines were involved most often. Overall, 21 patients (3.83%) died. The highest number of deaths was due to aluminum phosphide POISONING (76.19%). In addition, family quarrel was the main cause of DSP (43.17%). There were significant differences between the causes of DSP and demographics. Characteristics including gender, age groups, marital status, employment status and educational status.Conclusion: Deliberate SELF-POISONING (DSP) with drugs has recently been a serious social problem, especially in the younger generation in Gorgan and there is an urgent need for a prevention plan.

Introduction: Suicide is the basic urgency of psychiatry and one of the greatest problems of human. With this regard, this study was done to determine the characteristics of the attempters and materials that were used for SELF- harm.Methods and Materials: This cross- sectional study was carried out on 383 patients admitted to Imam Hossein hospital in Shahroud during July 2002-2003. The data were collected through questionnaires filled by health workers and analysed using SPSS software.Results:  During one year period, 383 patients (163 males and 220 females) with POISONING were admitted. The group age of 15-30 years had the most frequency in deliberate SELF- harm(80.4%), the single persons included 61.9% and 48.8% of cases had less than 12 schooling years education. 88.5% of attempters were from urban areas. In 341 patients, the suicide attempts were with drugs, and banzodiazepins (26%) were the most common used drugs.Conclusion: This study has shown that deliberate SELF-harm attempters were remarkable among youth and single persons and preventine affairs can include the investigation of these group's problems. The main clinical issues are the assessment of suicide risk and the management of deliberate SELF – harm.

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of effective school-based SELF-control skill training on increasing psychological hardiness and SELF-efficacy of male students of the first secondary level.Method: This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included male students of the first secondary school in Qom city, 30 students were selected using the available sampling method and divided into two groups of 15 people completely randomly. Students in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions of the school-based SELF-control training program, and the control group did not receive training. Before and after the implementation of the intervention, both groups were evaluated using the psychological hardiness scale of Lang and Goulet (2003) and the SELF-efficacy scale of children and adolescents (SEQ-C). The data was analyzed using spss-22 software and through repeated measures analysis of variance test.Findings: The results showed that school-based SELF-control skill training has a significant effect on increasing students' psychological hardiness and SELF-efficacy (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that school-based SELF-control skill training can be an effective intervention in increasing psychological hardiness and SELF-efficacy in students.